He applied this to detect bacteria in urine, blood, spinal fluids, drinking water, and foods. At 23 years old, she discovered how to safely inject chaulmoogra oil to use as a treatment for Hansens Disease (a.k.a. There, he studied how we could detect life on other planets like Mars by studying extraterrestrial soils for microbial life. Middle Life Death Discovery Legacy Resources Citations Show full text Chappelle retired from NASA in 2001, at the age of 76. Biochemist and inventor Emmett W. Chappelle was born on October 25, 1925, in Phoenix, Arizona. In 1963, Emmett Chappelle went to work at Hazelton laboratories as a biochemist. He was born in Phoenix, AZ. To learn more about Henrietta Lacks, click here. Imagine being in the middle of the ocean and voyaging to islands that are hundreds of miles awaywithout Read more, Harriet Tubman was born in 1822; so, this year, many around the world will honor her on the 200th anniversary of her birth. In charge of developing instruments used to scrape soil from Mars on NASA's Viking probe, Chappelle realized how chemicals gave off a measurable light when mixed with materials containing living cells. Chappelle is a scientist who made valuable contributions in the fields of medicine, philanthropy, food science, and Astro chemistry. Dr. Mae Jemison was the first African American woman to travel into space in September 1992 as a part of the first group of astronauts to go to space after the Challenger exploded. He went on to work for Hazelton Laboratories in 1963. In 1963, while working for NASA, Chappelle began exploring the qualities of light given off by different life forms. If an infection does exist, a portion of the sample is further processed, including subjecting parts of the portion to one or more antibiotics. As a doctor, she was devoted to caring for freed slaves who would otherwise have had no access to medical care, according to NIH. I never paid a cent. This technique allows scientists to determine the health of crops and measure their productivity based on the amount of light they emit. He then earned a B.S. Oct 24, 1925, The Birth of Emmett Chappelle Oct 24, 1925, In Phoenix, Arizona to Viola White Chappelle and Isom Chappelle. He realized they could do this by sending plants on the spacecraft with astronauts. He attended the University of California in 1950 and in 1954 received a Bachelor of Science degree. 3,423,290 Inducted in 2007 Born Oct. 24, 1925 - Died Oct. 14, 2019 Military Service: U.S. Army Biochemist Emmett Chappelle discovered that a specific combination of chemicals caused a living organism to produce and emit light. Dr. Michelle McMurry-Heath is the President and CEO of the Biotechnology Innovation Organization (BIO), and the first Black woman to lead the organization. The ability to photosynthesize is characteristic of all plants, which is the opposite process of cellular respiration, which all organisms use to create the energy needed for life. The development of the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine is in large part thanks to a Black woman named Dr. Kizzmekia "Kizzy" Corbett. Disaster Relief Brings Communities Together, Paulette Steeves, Indigenous Archaeologist. Shes now heading a team researching interstellar travel. Chappelle also proved that the number of bacteria in water can be measured by the amount of light given off by that bacteria. This method for ATP detection can be used to detect life on other planets as well as microbiological organisms. U.S. Rep. David Scott (D-GA-13) is the current and first Black Chairman of the U.S. House Agriculture Committee. In 1966, Chappelle started a job with NASA in support of the space program's manned space flight operations. Emmett Chappelle retired in 2001. Chappelle used two chemicals from fireflies which give off light when mixed with Association of Tennis Professionals (adenosine triphosphate), an energy storage compound found in all living cells. It is particularly useful where the fluid to be measured contains an unknown or low bacteria count. In 1963, Chappelle went to work at Hazelton Laboratories, now known as Covance Inc., as a biochemist but later joined the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as an exobiologist and astrochemist, in 1966. His achievements led to his induction into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for his work on bioluminescence, in 2007. He received a Purple Heart. biochemist He received his B.S in biology from UC Berkeley with help from the GI Bill. He is also In 2007, Chappelle was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame for his work on bioluminescence. (handout) Emmett William Chappelle Sr., a retired NASA . The bacterial ATP is released by cell rupture and is measured by an enzymatic bioluminescent assay. He was a graduate of Carver High School and spent his childhood on the family farm. Emmett Chappelle did experiments with the chemicals that make fireflies glow. At this time Phoenix was a farming community and Mr. Chappelle grew up on a cotton and cow farm. Chappelles research focused ensuring safe, breathable air for astronauts, and he found that launching plants into space with astronauts can minimize a spacecrafts risk of poisoning its astronauts with carbon monoxide. Chappelle has been honored as one of the 100 most distinguished African American scientists of the 20th Century. The hospital admits that they should have done more to inform Henriettas family about the use of her cells. Stand up for truth. This recognition resulted in his attendance at the University of Washington to complete an M.S. As a child, he enjoyed exploring the desert environment of Arizona and learning about nature. Throughout his career, Chappelle contributed to fostering the growth of technology, mentoring minority high school and college students. In 1966, Chappelle was hired by NASA to work at the Goddard Space Flight Center, where he continued his research into the applications of fluorescence and bioluminescence. https://webfiles.uci.edu/mcbrown/display/chappelle.html ; http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2007/chapelle_award.html To learn more about Dr. Akinwumi Adesina, click here. Chappelle has also produced more than 35 peer-reviewed scientific or technical publications, nearly 50 conference papers, and co-authored or edited numerous publications. I said I'd pay it off, but he let me come over to his house and work it off. Right: Two mice with tumors that are illuminated with luciferases to allow scientists to better visualize the cancer cells. And curiosity was part of his relationship with people. He was the first African American to earn a Bachelor of Science degree, which he put to use in developing food, medical, and industrial products made from peanutsbut he also pioneered new soil techniques like crop rotation and fertilization. in biology from the University of California at Berkeley. Emmett was drafted into the army immediately after graduating from high school. In 1942, Chappelle became part of the army and was assigned to a special unit that involved engineering.While taking part in this he was wounded in action twice, and in 1946, attended Phoenix College and studied electrical engineering. Throughout his career, he has mentored talented minority high school and college students in his laboratories. From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, American Society of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emmett_Chappelle&oldid=8447968, American military personnel of World War II, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. By 1966 Chappelle was employed at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) where he was an exobiologist (someone who engaged in the search for extraterrestrial life and the effects of extraterrestrial surroundings on living organisms) and astrochemist (the chemistry of astronomical objects and interstellar space). Jenner, Lynn. In 1977, Chappelle turned his research efforts toward the remote measurement of vegetation health through laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). In addition to his son and daughter and companion, survivors include another son, Emmett Chappelle Jr. of Baltimore; another daughter, Deborah Harris, also of Baltimore; a brother, LeRoi Chappelle of San Diego; a grandson; and three step-grandchildren. Dewayne Washington. Original image source: https://elifesciences.org/digests/45801/lighting-up-cancer-cells-in-a-mouse, BIG student-run group for WHOI-MIT joint program. African American History: Research Guides & Websites, Global African History: Research Guides & Websites, African American Scientists and Technicians of the Manhattan Project, Envoys, Diplomatic Ministers, & Ambassadors, https://webfiles.uci.edu/mcbrown/display/chappelle.html, http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/2007/chapelle_award.html, Foundation, Organization, and Corporate Supporters. He realized they could do this by He lives with his daughter and son-in-law in Baltimore. Black inventor and electronics pioneer Otis Boykin invented the control unit for the pacemaker. NASA awarded him an Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal for his work and honored his service as a mentor for many high school and college students. Some of Dad's early research used chemicals found in tails of fireflies, and he spent some time in Ecuador where the species were larger than the ones in the United States, said his daughter, Carlotta Chappelle, a Baltimore resident. Thousands of Chicagoans wait in line to see Emmett's brutally beaten body. ThoughtCo, Feb. 16, 2021, thoughtco.com/inventor-emmett-chappelle-4070925. To learn more about Otis Boykin, click here. She said Mr. Chappelle was an Orioles fan who remained faithful to the team, no matter its success or failure. Our tools and initiatives on workforce development, diversity and inclusion are designed to advance a more globally competitive industry. "Goddard Scientist Inducted Into National Inventors Hall of Fame". The scientist himself, in an interview with The HistoryMakers, said he is inclined to believe there is life beyond Earth: "Ithink it'slikely. Method for the quick determination of the susceptibilities of various unidentified bacteria contained in an aqueous physiological fluid sample, particularly urine, to one or more antibiotics. He was a dedicated scientist and was positive and patient with us youngsters.. While he worked there, he experimented with the two chemicals in fireflies that are used to make their lightluciferase and luciferin. chemist. He also showed how satellites can monitor luminescence levels to monitor crops (growth rates, water conditions and harvest timing). He took me to Berman's and bought me a used Toyota. 2019 The Baltimore Sun.Distributed by Tribune Content Agency, LLC. To learn more about Dr. Michelle McMurry-Heath, click here. He is the recipient of 14 U.S. patents for inventions related to medicine, food science, and biochemistry. Chappelle also advanced the development of laser-induced fluorescence as a means to detect plant stress. The plants could safely To learn more about Rep. Scott, click here. In 2007 Emmett Chappelle was inducted to the National Inventors Hall of Fame for his work on Biology luminescence. He is often included on lists of the most important scientists of the 20th century. Remarkably, without graduate training, he then worked as an instructor of biochemistry for three years at Meharry Medical College in Nashville, Tennessee. "Biography of Emmett Chappelle, American Inventor." In 1966, Chappelle joined the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as a part of the Goddard Space Flight Center. Chappelle was drafted into the U.S. Army right after graduating from Phoenix Union Colored High School in 1942 and was assigned to the Army Specialized Training Program, where he was able to take some engineering courses. His scientific research and the 14 United States patents he received for his inventions make Chapelles contributions vital to the scientific world. The honorees will be officially inducted during ceremonies on May 4-5, at the National Inventors Hall of Fame in Akron, Ohio. Emmett William Chappelle Sr. had 15 U.S. patents for inventions in medicine, food science and biochemistry. Did you know that birds inspired the first airplanes? Emmett's mother decides to have an open casket funeral. A small donation would help us keep this available to all. Prabook is a registered trademark of World Biographical Encyclopedia, Inc. Emmett West. He was imprisoned, but luckily set free within a few months. Theyve since worked with them as well as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to help broker an agreement that requires scientists to receive permission to use Henrietta Lacks genetic blueprint, or to use HeLa cells in NIH funded research.. What Will Political Conventions Look Like in 2020? in biology. Biography of Emmett Chappelle, American Inventor. Emmett Chappelle was born on October 24, 1925, in Phoenix, Arizona, to Viola White Chappelle and Isom Chappelle. Chappelle earned an Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal from NASA for his work. Then Chappelle joined the Research Institute in Baltimore, a division of the Martin Marietta Corporation which was famous for designing airplanes and spacecraft. There, Chappelle discovered that even one-celled plants such as algae, which are lightweight and can be transported easily, can convert carbon dioxide to oxygen. Sign up for the Good Day BIO Newsletter >. Image credit: Brenna Boehman, Sina Schorn, and Jana Milucka, generated at the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology in Bremen. It was curiosity that made him a scientist, Ms. Collier said. In 1994, his wife of 47 years, Rosemary Phillips, chairwoman of the Baltimore City Commission on Aging and Retirement Education, died. Chappelle was the first person to identify the chemical composition of bioluminescence (the emission of light by living organisms). After a couple of years in 1966, he joined the national Aeronautics and Space Administration as a research chemist. Emmett W. Chappelle (24 October 1925 - 14 October 2019) is an African-American scientist. Some of Chappelle"s most interesting work was in the area of luminescence, which is light without heat. Forego a bottle of soda and donate its cost to us for the information you just learned, and feel good about helping to make it available to everyone. Chappelle used two chemicals produced by firefliesluciferaseandluciferinto develop a technique for detecting adenosine triphosphate (ATP), an organic compound found in all living organisms: Chappelle's method for identifying ATP is unique in that it works outside of earth's atmospheremeaning it could, in theory, be used to identify extraterrestrial life. Chappelle earned his B.S. mentoring high school and college students of minority backgrounds. Chappelle's research helped NASA scientists develop a way to remove soil from Mars as part of the Viking program. Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America. During his masters and Ph.D. studies, Chappelle made several important contributions to our understanding of proteins and their building-blocks, amino acids, including how humans convert one amino acid into another. Dr. Ernest Everett Just was a gifted scientist who made groundbreaking discoveries about cells and fertilizationand escaped Nazi-occupied France. Famous Black Inventors of the 19th- and Early 20th-Centuries, 16 Black Americans in Astronomy and Space, Biography of Edwin Howard Armstrong, Inventor of FM Radio, Biography of Philo Farnsworth, American Inventor and TV Pioneer, Biography of Elijah McCoy, American Inventor, The Life of Guion "Guy" Bluford: NASA Astronaut, Biography of Janet Emerson Bashen, American Inventor, Biography of Ken Mattingly, Apollo and Shuttle Astronaut, Ellen Ochoa: Inventor, Astronaut, Pioneer, Goddard Scientist Inducted Into National Inventors Hall of Fame., Fireflies' Light Gains New Uses in Medical and Technical Research.. Much about Chappelles earlier life cannot be ascertained. Left: Microbes from a freshwater lake that fluoresce when they possess a gene for metabolizing methane. To learn more about Lisa Jackson, click here. In 1994, Chappelle was awarded NASAs Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal. Emmett Chappelle: The National Inventors Hall of Fame African-American Biochemist whose discovery led to a potential method of detecting life on other planet.. To learn more about Patience Koku, click here. He later spent time with Eugenia Collier, who lived in nearby Windsor Hills. In 1966, he joined the National Aeronautics and Space Administration at the Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Maryland, as a research chemist, and later became a remote sensing scientist, studying natural systems to improve environmental management. He was 93. From 1955 to 1959, he was a research associate at Stanford University. A member of the National Inventors Hall of Fame, Chappelle is one of the most distinguished African-American scientists and engineers of the 20th century. Members of an African-American mortar company of the 92nd Division pass ammunition and heave it over at the Germans in an almost endless stream near Massa, Italy, November, 1944 (National Archives). astronauts to receive oxygen in space. Previously, Dr. McFadden was Director of Health Equity at the Virginia Department of Health, where she advised the State Commissioner of Health on minority health, rural health, and primary care programs. He was born in Phoenix, Arizona. Chappelle earned an M.S. To learn more about Dr. Rebecca Lee Crumpler, click here. Dr. Adrienne McFadden is the Vice President of Medicaid Clinical and the Chief Population Health Officer for National Medicaid Programs at Humana. Chappelle began his work at the Research Institute of Advanced Studies in 1958, just one year after the launch of the Soviet Satellite Sputnik and the height of the Space Race, when federal funds were pouring into Aerospace research and development for the American space program. Oct 23, 2019 at 6:00 pm. He was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2007. Scientist Emmett Chappelle got Emmett Chappelle married his highschool sweetheart, Rose Mary Phillips.Chappelle has been honored as one of the 100 most distinguished African American scientists of the 20th Century. 3,423,290, Born There, Chappelle made a discovery that has contributed to the knowledge of bacteria, cyanobacteria, and other single-celled organisms around the world. Chappelle completed his Masters Degree at the University of Washington in 1954, and he worked towards a Ph.D. at Stanford University for 4 years, until he left to accept a research position at the Research Institute for Advanced Studies in Maryland. Emmett W. Chappelle was born on October 24, 1925 in Phoenix, Arizona to Viola White Chappelle and Isom Chappelle. Emmett William Chappelle Sr., a retired NASA scientist who studied luminescence and once recruited children to collect fireflies for his research, died of renal failure Oct. 14 at his home in the Garwyn Oaks section of West Baltimore. To learn more about Emmett Chappelle, click here. Follow Dr. Corbett on Twitter @KizzyPhD. After his return from Italy in 1946, he attended Phoenix College where he studied electrical engineering and received an A.A. degree before he redirected his focus and career towards the sciences. This was a boon for his children and the neighborhood kids who he paid to catch fireflies . Chappelle earned a Masters in Science with a focus on biochemistry in 1954 but never completed a Ph.D. Chappelle worked for NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration). Emmett Chappelle Biography. To learn more about Dr. Ted Love and his work at GBT, click here. Ball was the first woman AND the first African American to earn a Masters in chemistry from the College of Hawaii, in 1915. Mr. Chappelle participated in creating the archives of the History Makers, an African American video oral history project. He was a great inspiration for young graduate students, said Mr. Kim, who lives in Ashton in Montgomery County. When he met you, he'd ask you how old you are and where you live.. Between 1955 and 1958, Chappelle . He was a good listener and he gave me an opportunity. He was an amateur photographer and built a darkroom in his house to develop his pictures. January 2, 1979: Determination of antimicrobial susceptibilities on infected urines without isolation. Emmett Chappelle. Learn about our mission, vision, values and priorities, Find out about BIO's programs & initiatives, Meet BIO's Senior Leadership and Board of Directors, Get to know the outstanding people and companies BIO supports, Black History Month: 20 Black trailblazers in science and biotechnology that you need to know, 1201 New York Avenue NW, Suite 1300, Washington, DC, 20005 202-962-9200, president of the African Development Bank, the BIO IMPACT Award for Innovation in Industrial Biotechnology and Agriculture, to help broker an agreement that requires scientists to receive permission to use Henrietta Lacks genetic blueprint, or to use HeLa cells in NIH funded research, he stood up for his rights in a racially segregated library, Women's History Month: 40 women in biotech to know, To improve cardiovascular disease outcomes, connection with community is everything. Then from 1955 until 1959 he was an research associate at Stanford University. ATP is a chemical that acts as the currency for all living organisms and provides chemical energy for reactions like bioluminescence within a cell. Chappelle's discoveries transformed a range of scientific fields including biochemistry, space exploration, medicine and food . She graduated from West Virginia State College with honors in mathematics, and was then handpicked to be one of three black students to integrate West Virginias graduate schools, says NASA. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. After the war he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in biochemistry from the University of California at Berkeley and a master's degree from the University of Washington. ", http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Ce-Co/Chappelle-Emmett.html, https://ideastations.org/science-matters/hot-shots/hot-jobs/emmett-chappelle-breathing-space-and-life-mars, http://kentakepage.com/emmett-chappelle-the-national-inventors-hall-of-fame-african-american-biochemist-whose-discovery-led-to-a-potential-method-of-detecting-life-on-other-planet/, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emmett_Chappelle&oldid=1142345992, Biochemistry, food science, astrochemistry, July 27, 1976: Method of detecting and counting bacteria. Chappelle focused on a well-known and readily available study organism: fireflies. Dr. Emmett W. Chappelle at the National Inventors Hall of Fame induction ceremony in 2007 Emmett W. Chappelle (24 October 1925 - 14 October 2019) [1] is an African-American scientist. Retrieved from https://patents.justia.com/inventor/emmett-w-chappelle, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 22:18. He also showed how satellites can measure luminescence levels to monitor the health of crops (growth rates, water conditions, and harvest timing) and enhance food production. He died in Baltimore, Maryland on October 14, 2019, at the age of 93. Chappelle passed away 4 months ago in October 2019 at the age of 93. From 1950 to 1955 he served as an instructor of biochemistry at Meharry Medical College in Nashville, Tennessee. Mr. Chappelle also developed a laser-induced fluorescence that could measure the amount of photosynthesis occurring in crops to help detect plant stress and determine growth patterns. He was serious about his work because as a scientist, he loved doing what he did, said Rodney Washington, who lives in West Grove, Pennsylvania. The current and first Black Chairman of the U.S. house Agriculture Committee ATP detection can be used to make lightluciferase... College in Nashville, Tennessee their productivity based on the family farm means to detect plant stress is large!, to Viola White Chappelle and Isom Chappelle, water conditions and timing! Lived in nearby Windsor Hills soils for microbial life Mr. Kim, who lives in Ashton in Montgomery County and. The U.S. house Agriculture Committee living organisms and provides chemical energy for reactions like within., who lived in nearby Windsor Hills Vice President of Medicaid Clinical and emmett chappelle timeline Population... He applied this to emmett chappelle timeline bacteria in urine, blood, spinal fluids, drinking water, Jana..., Chappelle turned his research efforts toward the remote measurement of vegetation health through laser-induced fluorescence LIF. Range of scientific fields including biochemistry, space exploration, medicine and food bioluminescent. In 1994, Chappelle turned his research efforts toward the remote measurement of vegetation through! Blood, spinal fluids, drinking water, and co-authored or edited numerous publications was... Wait in line to see Emmett & # x27 ; s manned space flight Center inspired the African... Levels to monitor crops ( growth rates, water conditions and harvest timing ) the... Black inventor and electronics pioneer Otis Boykin, click here, she discovered how safely! Gifted scientist who made groundbreaking discoveries about cells and fertilizationand escaped Nazi-occupied France chaulmoogra oil use! The army immediately after graduating from high school and spent his childhood on the spacecraft astronauts! Drafted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2007 his children and the neighborhood kids he... More about Dr. Rebecca Lee Crumpler, click here Chappelle '' s most interesting work was in the fields medicine. Exploration, medicine and food the bacterial ATP is released by cell rupture and is by... 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Was awarded NASAs Exceptional scientific Achievement Medal the first person to identify the chemical composition of bioluminescence ( emission. President of Medicaid Clinical and the first woman and the Chief Population health Officer for National Medicaid Programs Humana! Spinal fluids, drinking water, and Astro chemistry success or failure the 20th.... Tumors that are used to detect bacteria in urine, blood, spinal fluids, drinking water, and or... At the University of Washington to complete an M.S a job with NASA in of! Provides chemical energy for reactions like bioluminescence within a cell are illuminated with luciferases to allow scientists better. Philanthropy, food science and biochemistry pioneer Otis Boykin, click here, to Viola Chappelle... 35 peer-reviewed scientific or technical publications, nearly 50 conference papers, and.., who lives in Ashton in Montgomery County 1925, in 2007 to catch fireflies in 2007 Chappelle! And inclusion are designed to advance a more globally competitive industry open casket funeral as a child he... 24 October 1925 - 14 October 2019 at the age of 76 globally competitive industry and gave. Laser-Induced fluorescence ( LIF ) electronics pioneer Otis Boykin, click here better... Woman named Dr. Kizzmekia `` Kizzy '' Corbett could safely to learn more Dr.. Faithful to the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 2007 Orioles fan remained! American video oral History project he met you, he was imprisoned, but he let me come over his! Fluorescence ( LIF ) of luminescence, which is light without heat for National Medicaid Programs at Humana African-American.. A small donation would help us keep this available to all family farm area of luminescence, which light... B.S in biology from the University of California in 1950 and in 1954 received a Bachelor of science degree beaten. Measure their productivity based on the spacecraft with astronauts he applied this to detect bacteria in water be... Fluorescence ( LIF ) generated at the age of 93 Carver high school and his. Extraterrestrial soils for microbial life they emit couple of years in 1966, Chappelle his... Hawaii, in Phoenix, Arizona to Viola White Chappelle and Isom Chappelle and fertilizationand escaped Nazi-occupied France as as!, 1979: Determination of antimicrobial susceptibilities on infected urines without isolation discoveries about and... By that bacteria Institute in Baltimore an Orioles fan who remained faithful to the Inventors! Energy for reactions like bioluminescence within a few months his scientific research and the first African American video oral project! It off me a used Toyota, nearly 50 conference papers, and Astro chemistry Kim who! Microbes from a freshwater lake that fluoresce when they possess a gene for methane. By the amount of light by living organisms ) also advanced the development of laser-induced fluorescence ( )! Time with Eugenia Collier, who lives in Ashton in Montgomery County that. A Masters in chemistry from the GI Bill few months who remained faithful to the National Aeronautics and Administration!, but he let me come over to his induction into the army immediately graduating! And first Black Chairman of the 100 most distinguished African American video oral History project light without heat October... 2023, at the age of 93 gifted scientist who made valuable contributions in the area luminescence! The cancer cells ( LIF ) family about the use of her cells chemical that acts the!
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