Thats the cross-cultural psychologist Michele Gelfand. To become American and to be American is to be individual. But can a smart policy be simply transplanted into a country as culturally unusual (and as supremely WEIRD) as America? But the big C in my mind is very different than the little c.. You know, the thing that rap artists were talking about 25 years ago, Im on my grind. Its rooted in this ethos of always working, always pushing forward, always being on the top of your game. This leads to less obesity, less addiction, and theres less crime in tighter cultures. You could just do an across-the-board search of various Western religions and look at who the figureheads are. HENRICH: They are self-enhancing, which means they try to promote their attributes. But heres the thing about culture: it can be really hard to measure. Now, keep in mind this was London, English-speaking London not Uzbekistan or Botswana, even Mexico. GELFAND: In Germany and in Japan, the clocks are really synchronized. There are plenty of looser people in tight countries and vice versa. 1, the most individualistic country in the world, 91 out of 100 on the Hofstede scale of individualism. DUBNER: Although the U.S. is relatively high on suicide and homicide, so are we an outlier in that regard as well? He has written several books about what music and other pop culture has to say about the broader culture. If they reject, both players get zero. No difference, that is, between tight and loose cultures. And we see that the combination of high individualism, high masculinity, and high short-termism can produce some chaos, at the very least. Henrich and a couple of colleagues came up with the WEIRD label when he was teaching at the University of British Columbia. Gert Jan HOFSTEDE: None of it is intentional. We visit the world's busiest airport to see how it all comes together. 469). And then in a third condition they were wearing just their face. And thats going to cultivate certain tonal abilities, which could feed into certain kinds of music, and things like that. OLIVER: When was that moment when America became the most American America it could possibly be? HOFSTEDE: This is a very American question, Stephen. In our previous episode, we made what may sound like a bold claim. And the rest is history, if you like. Theres a good side of every dimension, including uncertainty avoidance. The Pros and Cons of America's (Extreme) Individualism (Ep. Dubner speaks with Nobel laureates and provocateurs, intellectuals and entrepreneurs, and various other underachievers. But yes, its all workplace. She was majoring in pre-med. But Im Dutch, of course. Theyre longing for it. So, say its $100, and the first player can offer a portion of the $100 to a second player. Australia and Brazil are also loose. Download Print. I asked Michele Gelfand to talk about why a given country is loose or tight. HOFSTEDE: Yes. The U.S. assembled a coalition of allies. So I have no doubt that his subjects really liked him. Today, an overview of the cultural differences. You have to pronounce it right. Its like, Oh, my gosh, that is so amazing. I was feeling like I have to tell that to my kids as a good parent, training my kids to be vertical and individualistic. And it got the attention of President Clinton: Bill CLINTON: Its the first Ive heard of it, Ill look into it. In a society in which 95 percent of adults are highly literate, he writes, people have a thicker corpus callosum than a society in which only 5 percent of people are highly literate. The corpus callosum is the bunch of nerve fibers that unites the two brain hemispheres. Good on you, I say. Freakonomics the film, like the book, is entertaining and sometimes thought-provoking. HENRICH: If they accept the offer, they get the amount of the offer. data, gathered in the late 60s and early 70s. So, what is it? But oh, the places you'll go! You want to know where you stand which is, for instance, what diplomats know very well. We look at how these traits affect our daily lives and why we couldnt change them even if we wanted to. Because $1 is more than zero, so the second player would still be better off. Apparently over 50 percent of cats and dogs in the U.S. are obese. Steven D. Levitt, the self-described "Rogue Economist" of the title, uses this tool to analyze a random assortment of . As Hofstede the Younger remembers it, his father asked his bosses at I.B.M. Culture is about, if you are a part of a society, youre like one drop in the Mississippi River. And I was interested in this, and I thought maybe it would tell us something about an innate human psychology for reciprocity or something like that. And it drives us crazy. Nobody can feel insulted. Scholars in this realm have a general agreement on what culture is and what its not. I get these words out so I can get on to the next thing. He veers tighter. 1424 Words. In a future episode, well look at why the U.S., for all its wealth, has such a high rate of child poverty, and whats being done to address that. Everything in economics can be viewed from the point of incentives. The Pros and Cons of America's (Extreme) Individualism. It was there, and later on in travels in the Middle East, and working on a kibbutz, and elsewhere, that I started recognizing this really powerful force of culture that was incredibly important but really invisible. Hofstede analyzed these data at what he called the ecological level. He explained this approach in a paper called Flowers, Bouquets, and Gardens the idea being that an individual flower is a subset of a mixed bouquet, which in turn is a subset of an entire garden, which has even more variation. We will leave you with a patriotic tribute from one last transplanted U.S. comedian. There, its really important to maintain that humility, to be focused on your privacy, but not trying to one-up other people. So I did the experiment there with an indigenous population called the Machiguenga. GELFAND: Clinton went to negotiate to say, Hey, this is just totally inappropriate, this punishment. And the Singaporean governments reaction was, Look, this is our culture. HENRICH: And Americans have this probably worse than anybody. Since his first study, many people have started to do similar studies. The individual agents/brokers only take a $150 hit after their costs/fees. GELFAND: We have a lot of work to do, theres no question. . Hannah GADSBY: Have you ever noticed how Americans are not stupid? You're stuck in a metal tube with hundreds of strangers (and strange smells), defying gravity and racing through the sky. Thats what the Ultimatum experiments set out to find. Caning as in a spanking, basically, on the bare buttocks, with a half-inch-thick rattan cane. HOFSTEDE: He did social psychological work on what it is to be a manager. In 1994, a small incident in Singapore turned into a big deal in the United States. Stay up-to-date on all our shows. When youre trying to understand the nature of something, an outside view can be extremely helpful. Thats John Oliver. By this time, Hofstede the Elder had already gotten a Ph.D. in social science. And when I started to work with Harry Triandis, who was one of the founders of the field, I thought, Wow, this is a super-interesting construct. The other point is a reminder: Its good to be humble about our ability our inability, actually to predict how a given culture will change. But its also a tremendous outlier. Freakonomics takes the tools used in microeconomic analysis and puts them to work in novel situations, by looking at the individual decisions made by experts such as real estate agents or car salesmen, by consumers of the services these experts offer, and by other individuals like parents. But everybody, of course, instinctively feels and should feel that their country, or whatever their tribe is, is the best in the world. GELFAND: They talk about individualistic accomplishments. So you can see that in an individualistic society, after becoming a world champion in a sport or certainly after winning a major war, people do not fight one another, but they admire one another. But somehow, that diversity and that early celebration of permissiveness has overridden that. The strongest parts of the original Freakonomics book revolved around Levitt's own peer-reviewed research. More feminine societies tend to have less poverty and higher literacy rates. HOFSTEDE: There was a Quaker at the head of I.B.M. GELFAND: The U.S. is one of the most creative places on the planet. We look at how these traits affect . He wrote a paper about it. And by the way, in that sense, the U.S.A. is also a huge laboratory of society formation, hopefully, which is by no means finished. We see them as individuals with whom we are in competition. As we heard, the first four dimensions originated with the I.B.M. A dream team of directors e. HENRICH: I was doing research in the Peruvian Amazon. Theres not going to be violent crime. Joe Henrich again: HENRICH: In some societies, people really attend to scent, and they have a complex set of language terms that have the equivalent of basic color categories for scents. Tight cultures, she writes, are usually found in South and East Asia, the Middle East, and in European countries of Nordic and Germanic origin.. And its by no means easy. By the way, Gelfand doesnt really take a position on whether loose or tight is superior. According to a decades-long research project, the U.S. is not only the most individualistic country on earth; we're also high on indulgence, short-term thinking, and masculinity (but low on "uncertainty avoidance," if that makes you feel better). Public school quality B. You might think that someone who studies cross-cultural psychology also grew up abroad, or at least in some big city with a melting-pot vibe. HOFSTEDE: Oh, no, thats something for academia. And then he decided to go to academia. Henrich has also observed this about Americans. Europe has a strong influence from Germany, also from France. DUBNER: Are you the creator of the looseness-tightness system for looking at culture? Geert Hofstede ( 2 October 1928 - 12 February 2020) was born in a peaceful country, but his teenage years saw the second World War rage across Europe. The average U.S. worker puts in nearly six more weeks a year than the typical French or British worker, and 10 weeks more than the average German worker. ERNIE: Oh, gee. The U.S. comes in on the indulgent side, at 68. NEAL: As someone who specialized in the African-American experience, and is African-American myself, I often fall back on the way the late Amiri Baraka described Black culture as a changing same.. HENRICH: But if you want to talk about humans, then you have a problem. In Germany, for instance, labor unions often have a representative on company boards, which can radically change the dynamic between companies and employees. Joe Henrich points out that even our religions are competitive. They set out to explore the inner workings of a crack gang, the truth about real estate agents, the secrets of the Ku Klux Klan, and much more. Models couldnt capture the civil rights movement the individual genius that could emerge in any particular historical moment, whether its Ella Baker or Martin Luther King, and the idea that you have these individual moments of brilliance that then come together to create this just historically unique moment. When something is not easily measured, it often gets talked about in mushy or ideological terms. thats always there. The New Yorker's Malcolm . This isn't to say we never make a mistake in Freakonomics Radio, but we do catch most of them before you hear the show. And then you see how often the subject wants to go along with the other people, as opposed to give the answer they would give if they were by themselves. Equating individualism with selfishness may be a mistake: Some of the world's wealthiest and most individualistic countries are some of the most altruistic, says 13.7 guest commentator Abigail Marsh. DUBNER: So does all the data come from workplace interviews essentially of white-collar and pink-collar workers, or does it go broader than that? In the beginning, Feldman left behind an open basket for the cash, but too often the money vanished. Now that weve taken a top-down view of how the U.S. is fundamentally different from other countries, were going to spend some time over the coming weeks looking at particular economic and social differences, having to do with policing, child poverty, infrastructure, and the economy itself. So if you base your understanding of a given culture on a body of research that fails to include them, youll likely fail to understand how that culture thinks whether were talking about another country or a group within your own country. So Hofstede the Elder began to amass a huge data set about the workplace experiences and preferences of tens of thousands of I.B.M. But thats only the first study. GELFAND: Sometimes people actually revert back into their cultural chambers. Gert Jan Hofstede is a Dutch culture scholar whos been walking us through these dimensions. One thing that I think that Americans are more extreme than other Western countries and certainly elsewhere in the world is attributing individual success to the internal traits of the actor. Kumail NANJIANI: I was so excited to be in America I couldnt sleep. Feb 15, 2023. HOFSTEDE: Masculine society means that if you show power, that gives you social status. Historically, politically, and yes culturally. I asked Hofstede what he would advise if a given country did want to change its culture? The notion of the American Dream has long been that prosperity is just sitting out there, waiting for anyone to grab itas long as youre willing to work hard enough. We will learn which countries are tight, which are loose, and why. The American model is among the most successful and envied models in the history of the world. Theyll say, The Scandinavians have great childcare and family-leave policies. Or theyll say, China has built more high-speed rail in the past few years than the U.S. has even thought about. So, naturally, the next question is: cant the U.S. just borrow these Scandinavian and Chinese and German ideas and slap them on top of the American way of doing things? HOFSTEDE: You have a democracy. I personally expect at some point in the not very far future to have another wave of youthful optimism and find a way to say, Look, guys, we can do it, the future could be bright. In the N.F.L., the long snapper is . And we did find a number of learned people who had data to back up the hypothesis. According to Chapter 5 of Freakonomics, there is a black-white test score gap and that gap is larger when you compare black and white students from the same school. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Read the excerpt from Levitt and Dubner's Freakonomics. BUSH: Allied air forces began an attack on military targets in Iraq and Kuwait. Factor analysis being a way to distill a large number of variables into an index, essentially a ranking. SFU will never request our users provide or confirm their Computing ID or password via email or by going to any web site. Individualistic countries tend to be richer, but as Hofstede the Elder once put it, The order of logic is not that individualism comes first. Our theme song is Mr. GELFAND: Well, we can look back to Herodotus. But maybe thats part of living in a loose culture too: We ascribe agency even to our pets. DUBNER: And what would you say is maybe a political ramification of low power distance? DUBNER: I like those rules. After all, they were the data set. We developed these linguistic dictionaries to analyze language reflective of tight and loose, in newspapers and books, tight words like restrain, comply, adhere, enforce, as compared to words like allow and leeway, flexibility, empower. GELFAND: I really had a lot of culture shock. Culture can be quite an offensive concept, particularly to people who project it onto an individual characteristic, as if it was about an individual. Coming up, how Americas creative looseness has produced a strange, global effect: HENRICH: The scientific discipline of psychology is dominated by Americans. GELFAND: All cultures have social norms, these unwritten rules that guide our behavior on a daily basis. (Part 1 of "Freakonomics Radio Takes to the Skies.") 58 min. 470. Someone raised in an Eastern culture might focus more on the image as a whole and less on the central object. Because when youre living inside a culture well, thats the culture you know; it is what it is. One hallmark of short-term thinking: a tendency toward black and white moral distinctions versus shades of gray. But some cultures strictly abide by their norms. The best thing you can become is yourself. This was in contrast to the economists label of Homo economicus; that version of humans is more self-interested, less reciprocal. Because the purpose of this conversation is to try and understand exactly how (and why) the U.S. is different, and individualism is the dimension on which we are the biggest outlier. "Morality, it could be argued, represents the way that people would like the world to work, wheareas economics represents how it actually does work.". Fundamentally, individualism is a belief that the individual is an end in themself. In each chapter, the authors analyze a different social issue from an economic perspective. Michele Gelfand again: GELFAND: This American teenager from Ohio, Michael Fay, was in Singapore and was arrested and charged with various counts of vandalism and other shenanigans. Im like, Were going to go to Singapore if you people dont behave.. So its hard to simply transplant another countrys model for education or healthcare, no matter how well it might seem to fit. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything is the debut non-fiction book by University of Chicago economist Steven Levitt and New York Times journalist Stephen J. Dubner.Published on April 12, 2005, by William Morrow, the book has been described as melding pop culture with economics. Our staff also includesAlison Craiglow,Greg Rippin,Joel Meyer,Tricia Bobeda,Mary Diduch, Zack Lapinski,Emma Tyrrell, Lyric Bowditch, Jasmin Klinger,andJacob Clemente. But a lot of the world is much more like a family. The incentives of just any regular person are greatly shown because money or personal gain can take over any man or woman no matter how old. Examples of these comparisons and questions can be seen in the list of contents, with . In a large power-distant society, you have autocracy. Thats Joe Henrich, a professor of evolutionary biology. DUBNER: What does an institution like the Navy see as the upsides of more looseness? Freakonomics Summary. Happiness is going to be lower, but crime, too. And I think, Holy cow, Ukraine is surrounded by threat, including its next-door neighbor, Russia. That relationship has not been a constant, but that makes me a little suspicious. Gelfand says the countries that were most aggressive in trying to contain Covid tended to be tighter countries. Ultimatum Game Bargaining Among the Machiguenga of the Peruvian Amazon, U.S. Student Tells of Pain Of His Caning In Singapore, Singapores Relations With U.S. Joe HENRICH: Culture is information stored in peoples heads that got there via some kind of learning process, usually social learning. Fascinated by the human in the system, he did a PhD in organizational behaviour. Freakonomics, which weighs in at just over 200 pages (plus a hefty section of bonus material for those interested in learning more), takes as its principal argument the idea that economics exist as a tool to study society. DUBNER: Can you give me a good example of an idea or a theory that I might come across in a Psych 101 textbook that would just be so American that it wouldnt really be useful if you actually care about humans? You look at parents and how they treat their kids art. An expert doesn't so much argue the various sides of an issue as plant his flag firmly on one side. So, again, if you want to talk about Americans, youre okay. But when you use data to measure the specific dimensions of a given culture, and compare them to other countries, you see some stark differences. As with most experiments like this, the research subjects were WEIRD usually they were students at the universities where the researchers worked. And in a collectivistic society, a person is like an atom in a crystal. HOFSTEDE: So youre asking about cultural convergence. Each week, Freakonomics Radio tells you things you always thought you knew (but didn't) and things you never thought you wanted to know (but do) from the economics of sleep to how to become great at just about anything. In a collectivistic setting, if you try something new, you are maybe telling your group that you dont like them so much anymore and you want to leave them, which is not a good thing socially. It could give you new occasions to gain status in an unexpected way. Always check that your browser shows a closed lock icon and . Michele Gelfand has another example of how culture shapes perception. What is culture? Then he tried a coffee can with a money slot in its plastic lid, which also proved too tempting. Really? It is that the wealth comes first, and the individualism follows. Henrich takes a more nuanced view: HENRICH: To explain the massive economic growth that weve seen in the last 200 years, you need to explain the continuous and, for a long time, accelerating rate of innovation that occurred. The snob effect occurs when an individual's demand for a specific product increases when the number of units of that product other people purchase increases. We owe much of our freedom to that influence. And how are we defining culture? El libro revela por qu nuestro modo de tomar decisiones suele ser irracional, por qu las opiniones generalizadas a menudo se equivocan, y cmo y por qu se nos incentiva a hacer lo que hacemos. So its not necessarily the case that my country is better. During the Cold War. Between 1967 and 1973, he collected data on I.B.M. That was our hypothesis, at least. I must be American. GELFAND: If these kinds of cultural differences are happening at the highest levels, we better start understanding this stuff.. This episode was produced byBrent Katz. There were a number of low offers of 15 percent, which didnt get rejected. Although the concept of an individual may seem straightforward, there are many ways of understanding it, both in theory and in practice. And you speak fast because I dont want to waste a lot of time talking. Tightness and compliance would seem to go hand-in-hand. The next cultural dimension is what Hofstede and his late father called masculinity. That title is a bit misleading. In mind this was in contrast to the next thing x27 ; s ( Extreme ) individualism Ep... Too often the money vanished turned into a big deal in the system, he a. Had a lot of time talking on your privacy, but too often the vanished! Of America & # x27 ; s Freakonomics culture too: we agency... Whole and less on the Hofstede scale of individualism a big deal in the beginning, Feldman behind... We look at how these traits affect our daily lives and why couldnt! 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