It is challenging to determine the origin of this theory, as the writings of most ancient civilizations have been lost to time. The melancholic character was easy to recognise on an Elizabethan stage. Develop an analytical argument in which they assess the significance of Hamlet's melancholy. Thus, to be an effective herbalist meant understanding imbalances in the context of a persons individual experience in their natural setting. (Original work published 165-175 CE), Gill, N.S. Understanding the four humours that Hippocrates developed thousands of years ago. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Herbs that support an imbalance in this humour include plants with bitter qualities, which cool and detoxify the body. In Shakespeares time, the understanding of medicine and the human body was based on the theory of the four bodily humours. All of these and more could affect your humours and, through them, your entire being, body and soul. They correspond to real substances produced within the body; but the properties ascribed to them by ancient physicians, and the functions they were said to perform in human health starting with the idea that the stuff in your veins was a mixture of all four were largely speculative. mock your grinning? Shakespeareswriting is one of the most important sources for the knowledge we have about medicine in Elizabethan and Jacobean England. Passions and tempers: A history of the humours. The young warrior's choler gave him courage but phlegm produced cowards. The principles governing the 'microcosm' or 'lesser world' of the human body are drawn directly from the fundamental building blocks of the 'macrocosm' or 'greater world' within the sublunar sphere. What matters is that we understand history as the foundation of our modern practices and find the inspiration we need to understand the complexities of health. . Hamlet, Prince of Denmark: the Four Humors (A) Main idea: Hamlet is not mad. y-axis (horizontal): Thinking - Feeling scale. 159 0 obj <>stream In some cases, humors were even associated with different zodiac signs. spacious in the possession of dirt." We may call it herb of grace o Sundays. Posts. Sanguinity was associated with cheerfulness, ruddiness, courage, and amorousness. As Sir Herbert Tree has recently said: "But for humor he should go mad. and will not tell him of his action of battery?" i. A healthy balance of this humour is thought to ensure appreciation of the arts and thoughtful introspection. Hamlet's Antic Disposition: Is Hamlet's Madness Real? I would give you some violets, But they withered all when my father died.. Harry Hotspur is choleric, his anger motivating his actions; finally, Falstaff is phlegmatic and unwilling to act at all. Thus, for the first time in history, healing started to emerge as the combination of philosophical thought, knowledge about the cosmos, and understanding the human body as a microcosm of the universe, with Hippocrates at the forefront of a new medical paradigm that would forever bear his name. Arikha, N. (2007). Poor Hamlet, too much humor had'st thou for this harsh world!" This unfailing humor that toys with life's comedies and tragedies alike does not come from madness, but from sanity and self-possession. It was thought that these conditions were caused by an imbalance in the humours. . InHenry IV, parts one and two, there are four main characters, one of each temperament. x-axis (vertical): Introversion - Extraversion scale. Join us online, on the road, or in Washington, DC. The theory remained popular in Europe for centuries and was not fully relinquished until the 1800s. The treatment would have been mainly bloodletting, leeching and a special diet to restore the humours to normal levels. The four major fluids in the bodyyellow bile, phlegm, black bile and bloodwhich the Greeks believed corresponded to the four elementsfire, water, earth and airin the universe. To Polonius and the other spies he is playful and contemptuous. In Act IV, Scene 3 of Shakespeare's most famous play, Hamlet, the black humor of Hamlet's comments about the dead Polonius stem from his treatment of the serious issue of death in a . A 2 x 2 table of Hippocrates' four (4) temperaments: Melancholic. In ancient Greece, Hippocrates wrote about the humors in conjunction with various diseases. 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The immortal gods were gradually replaced with scientific medical theories, including the four humours, all of which heavily relied on the power of plants (Porter, 1997). He became so popular that Shakespeare later wrote him his own play,The Merry Wives of Windsor. The people of Shakespeare's time did not think about physical or mental health the way modern doctors and scientists do. +44 (0)20 7611 2222info@wellcomecollection.org, Except where otherwise noted, content on this site is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence, show credit information for image 'William Shakespeare: profile. Because black bile was produced in the brain, audiences likely understood Ophelia's madness as deriving directly from too much black bile. of a pun: In nearly all his references to the condition of affairs in Denmark, Hamlet indulges in a grim, satirical humor. Galen: On the properties of foodstuffs(O. Powell, Trans.). It reflects the principle of digestion and transformation. , a major cultural shift was taking place in ancient Greece. Each humor was associated with one of four qualities of matter: yellow bile with heat, blood with dryness, phlegm with moisture, and black bile with cold. Hippocrates (460-370. Our rich archives on mental health and psychiatry have lots to tell us today, How architecture and poetry helped LionHeart manage anxiety and depression, Architecture impacts our health in many ways, as you will discover in Living with Buildings. person with balanced humors is not "a pipe for Fortune's finger," nor is he "passion's slave." This At the beginning of a play, the heroes and heroines all have an excess, in differing amounts, of one of the humours. Shakespeare incorporated humoral theory into his work because it was a prevailing medical theory at the time. From the time the ghost originally speaks to him to the final act of the play, Hamlet is a man possessed by his sense of obligation. Heat stimulated action, cold depressed it. Get unlimited access to over 84,000 lessons. This is how Prince Hal greets him early on: Thou art so fat-witted, with drinking of old sac, and unbuttoning thee after supper, and sleeping upon benches after noon, that thou hast forgotten to demand that truly which thou wouldst truly know. Loeb Classical Library. Hamlet is arguably the most famous literary melancholic, demonstrating an excess of black bile - one of the four humours thought to govern bodies in Shakespeare's time. The four humors are blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile. The four humours were: phlegm blood yellow bile black bile If the humours stayed in balance then a person remained healthy, but if there was too much of one humour then illness occurred. One play really stands out when it comes to the subject of humours. In their pure state the elements were immortal, but when tampered with, death, decay and disease threatened. Especially serious cases were thought to be possessed by demons or the devil; that called for a very different kind of treatment. Having an excess of one humour could be a bit of a vicious cycle: it both causes and is caused by your behaviour. Just as we now believe that mental illnesses may in part be due to an imbalance of chemicals in the brain, Elizabethan doctors similarly believed that certain personality traits stemmed . Arikha, N. (2007). The four humors were thought to be sanguine (blood), choleric (yellow bile), melancholic (black bile), and phlegmatic (phlegm) and their composition within the body was considered to determine. No wonder Polonius does not know what to make of him and calls him mad, though recognizing the possibility that there may be some "method in't. The elements were also represented in the human body, being known as the four humours - choler, blood, phlegm and melancholy. People with too much phlegm were considered to be phlegmatic, a term dating back to Galen. Sanguine: optimistic even in difficult circumstances, characterizations of conditions and temperaments resemble the Ayurvedic doshas of p, , which some scholars suggest were influenced by the theory of humours. This may be a reference to aromatherapy, which used violets to treat melancholy at the time. Iago's crafty, sinister acts portray him as choleric, Othello's knowledge and noble nature display him . King Henry IV is melancholic and despondent. Sources for Hamlet Shakespeare was too lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. The four main characters of the two plays each represent one of the four temperaments. In Hamlet, the advisor Polonius, misreading the causes of the Prince's apparent lunacy as romantic rejection, offers a neat analysis of his illness that makes the relationship between love and madness very clear. Hippocrates's humoral theory of illness proposed that the body consisted of four humors: black bile, yellow bile, blood and phlegm. , Though his troubles were sufficient and his task difficult enough to unbalance almost any mind, yet Hamlet retains from first to last a calm and firm grasp of the situation in both its complexity and its incongruity. 13 chapters | This is the humour of regeneration and is supported by herbs that are either cooling and drying to help regulate blood, such as agrimony (Agrimonia spp. Belief in humoral theory was not limited to ancient Greece. Retrieved from http://www.greekmedicine.net. This repetition of earth constantly reminds us of the underlying theme of the play. The four humors were identified as black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood. There were also herbals: books with collected descriptions and drawings of medical plants. Many plants also represented something beyond their practical application and were used as symbols. You can unsubscribe at any time using links in the emails you receive. Centaury(Centaurium erythraea)was a traditional bitter tonic used for treating choleric digestive issues (Osborn, 2015). Herbalism is an ancient practice with thousands of years of historical applications. Hamlets sanity is one of the major themes in the play. Claudius and the Condition of Denmark Curator Gail Kern Paster explains "The four humors were an early typology for human personality. The influence of the humors changed with the seasons and times of day and with the human life span. Here is the humor of tragedy with a vengeance. 255 lessons. Shakespeare and the four humours Blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile: the body's four humours were believed to control your personality in Shakespeare's day and influenced the way the Bard created some of his most famous characters. They should then have a quarter as much yellow bile as phlegm, and a quarter as much black bile as yellow bile. which is generally slow, sleepy, and unemotional, although when in balance, it ensures a sense of serenity and good judgment. Poor Hamlet, too much humor had'st thou for this harsh world!" 4. Fringe medicine. Passions and tempers: A history of the humours. As Hippocrates said, Grief and fear, when lingering, provoke melancholia (Hippocrates, 185/1931). Now of historic interest, the Four Humours may be evoked or listed as part of a non-mainstream therapeutic philosophy or system . Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. By Erika Mills ~ English poet and playwright William Shakespeare (1564-1616) created characters that are among the richest and most recognizable in all of literature. Hamlet Sir Herbert Tree says: "In Hamlet, for instance, the firmament of tragedy is made blacker by the jewels of humor with which it is bestarred. The philosopher and physician Hippocrates wrote about the Greek humors, and Hippocrates' four humors became the theory most recognized today. In the ancient physiological theory still current in the European Middle Ages and later, the four cardinal humours were blood, phlegm, choler (yellow bile), and melancholy (black . Until the 19th century, humorism dominated medical practice, with medical professionals ascribing most health . The theory of the four humours was central to the teachings of Aristotle, Hippocrates and Galen. It was founded on the idea that human temperaments were determined by four fluids in the body - black bile (melancholy), blood (sanguis), yellow bile (choler) and phlegm. your gambols? When he needs what you have gleaned, it is but And they all have roughlythe same number of lines. The four humors. Representation of the melancholic temperament; an old man reading a book and holding a bag of earth, with a mourning dove sitting on his head. The link between the three philosophies and the three higher faculties is nowhere more evident than in the reliance of the four humours of Galenic medicine on the four elements of Aristotelian physics. According to humoralism, four bodily fluidsblood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegmdetermined a person's temperament and an imbalance led to certain sicknesses dependent upon which humors were in excess or deficit. Elizabethans believed that the balance of the four humors would keep them healthy. These fluidsproduced by the body's organs and tissueswere black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood. The humours affect your whole being, from your health and feelings to your looks and actions. The four seasons spring, summer, autumn and winter paralleled the four humors blood/sanguine, yellow bile/choleric, phlegm/phlegmatic and black bile/melancholic, which in turn paralleled the four elements air, fire, water and earth. Oh, you must wear your rue with a difference. Essentially, this theory held that the human body was filled with four basic substances, called four humors, which are in balance when a person is healthy. 109 0 obj <> endobj The belief that blood, yellow bile, black bile, or bodily fluid, helped ancient healers effectively explain disease and help those seeking medical treatment with appropriate recommendations, becoming a practice that would survive well into the Middle Ages (Galen, 165-175/2003). A contemporary of Socrates (470BC - 399BC), mentioned in the writings of Plato (428BC - 348BC) and Aristotle (384BC - 322BC). If the humours were in imbalance, then the person was sick. Shakespeare Online. Another strong example of the use of humoral theory in Shakespeare's work is in Henry IV parts one and two. Understanding the four humours that Hippocrates developed thousands of years ago provides an opportunity to more deeply understand the evolution of medicine throughout the history of humankind. It is this exuberant humor that reveals beyond doubt Hamlet's fundamental sanity. It suggests that certain bodily fluids need to be in balance in order to ensure health. Besides Falstaff, who has the largest number of lines inHenry IV, they usually function in the subplot of the comedies, like the duos Sir Andrew Aguecheek and Sir Toby Belch inTwelfth Nightor Stephano and Trinculo inThe Tempest. , the element of earth (cold and dry), although not easily translatable from ancient Greek texts, has a retentive and solidifying force on metabolism and bone building. An error occurred trying to load this video. the first skull he says: "It might be the pate of a politician . Melancholics are often depicted dressed in black, the colour (unsurprisingly) connected to black bile. Black Bile. Retrieved from. One of the things that Petruchio does in order to make his new wife less angry is to deprive her of food, which was in line with the acceptable treatment for choleric temperaments at the time. Drawing, c.1793.'. Ben Jonson. The temperament is phlegmatic which is generally slow, sleepy, and unemotional, although when in balance, it ensures a sense of serenity and good judgment. Those unions result in the four humors: 1) melancholic. 3. , meaning optimistic even in challenging situations, as well as patient, balanced, and thoughtful. Today, the well-recognized ancient traditions of Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine remain instrumental as effective herbal practices. These 'humours' were thought to be created in the liver and transported through the body through the blood stream. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you the old fellow, making him say that "yonder cloud," first, is "like a camel," then, "like a weasel," and, finally, "like a whale." Find out more in the Living with Buildings exhibition. Nervine, carminative, and antispasmodic herbs, including lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), and lavender(Lavandula officinalis) balance these conditions. Shakespeare was too good a judge of character and of human nature to mingle such humor with madness. (date when you accessed the information) < http://www.shakespeare-online.com/plays/hamlet/humourhamlet.html >. Hamlet is a play. Liddell, H.G., Scott, R., Jones, H.S., & McKenzie, R. (1940). Black bile, the humour that dominated this temperament, was connected to the cold and dry element earth, to old age, and all things dying and rotting. The Elder Hamlet: The Kingship of Hamlet's Father (2.2.555-612) Words by Nelly Ekstrmaverage reading time 6 minutes 16 December 2016 The Elizabethan melancholic Often compared to sap in plants, blood is responsible for the foundation of life. The temperament is melancholy from / melas, black and / khol, bile, or the feeling of pensive sadness (Liddell et al., 1940). was a traditional bitter tonic used for treating choleric digestive issues (Osborn, 2015). , the element of fire (hot and dry), flushes out impurities and deeply nourishes the body. There were four humours. Melancholic people were instructed to avoid these foods and to instead eat sanguine foods like lamb, butter, sugar, basil, and other sweet things. (Original work published 165-175 CE), Gill, N.S. Hippocrates (460-370 BCE), known as the father of modern medicine and whose Hippocratic Oath continues to bind modern-day physicians to first do no harm, continues to serve as an iconic figure to the medical practitioner. Unless hours were cups of sack, and minutes capons, and clocks the tongues of bawds, and dials the signs of leaping houses, and the blessed sun himself a fair hot wench in flame-coloured taffeta, I see no reason why thou shouldst be so superfluous to demand the time of day.. It is fascinating to recognize that during Hippocrates lifetime in the 4th century BCE, a major cultural shift was taking place in ancient Greece. Speaking of the king, Hamlet's humor THE THEORY OF THE FOUR HUMOURS The theory of the four humours (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile) rst appears in a fth-century bcHippocratic treatise called The Nature of Man, the only treatise from the Hippocratic Corpus to which we can attribute an author's name. In an ideal situation, each of the humors was properly balanced. The characters around Hamlet are worried by his melancholia. Shakespeare knew the use and meaning of plants as well as anyone and his writing contains a great number of references to plants, flowers, herbs and spices. Phlegm. The Theory of the Four Humours was created by Hippocrates in Ancient Greece and developed by Galen in Ancient Rome. Folger Shakespeare Library is the world's largest Shakespeare collection, the ultimate resource for exploring Shakespeare and his world. Humors, Madness, and "Hamlet". Understanding the concepts of each humour helped ancient herbalists categorize sickness and identify the proper herbs for the individual, much like we do today. Return the completed Four Humors in "Hamlet" and Dramatic Structure Review handouts from Class 1 to students. Hippocrates, like many ancient people, believed that health was determined by humoral balance. With thousands of years of historical applications ) < http: //www.shakespeare-online.com/plays/hamlet/humourhamlet.html > leeching and a quarter as yellow. 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